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close stool
A close stool, used from at least the sixteenth century until the introduction of indoor plumbing, was an enclosed cabinet or box at sitting height with an opening in the top, which might be disguised by a folding outer lid. The close stool contained a pewter or earthenware chamberpot to receive the user's excrement and urine when he or she sat on it.
It was sometimes called a necessary stool or a night stool. The eighteenth-century euphemism was convenience; the term was further euphemised in the nineteenth century with the term night commode, which John Gloag suggested〔John Gloag, ''A Short Dictionary of Furniture'', rev. ed. 1969, ''s.v.'' "close stool, close stool chair".〕 may have derived its significance from a design for a "balance night stool" in Thomas Sheraton's ''Cabinet Dictionary'' (London, 1803); Sheraton's design was "made to have the appearance of a small commode standing upon legs; when it is used the seat part presses down to a proper height by the hand, and afterwards it rises by means of lead weights, hung to the seat, by lines passing over pulleys at each end, all which are enclosed in a case."
"Close stool," in turn, is itself a euphemism for toilet chair . ''Commode'' survived into the twentieth century to refer to the flush toilet, itself originally euphemistic.
The French term for this item of furniture is a chaise percée as it often takes the form of a chair with a seat which raises to show the opening to the pot; similar items were made specifically as a moveable Bidet.
==Notes==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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